International Money and Finance (Final stage 3) Essay - 2

Universal Money and Finance (Final stage 3) - Essay Example The company’s yearly report 2010 gives signs on the conversion scale dangers. Working Statistics Number of rental stores Staff numbers 31 October 30 April 31 October 30 April 2010 2009 2010 2009 2010 Sunbelt Rentals 346 397 393 5,373 5,733 5,334 A-Plant 104 111 105 1,876 1,944 1,872 Corporate office - 11 12 Group 450 508 498 7,260 7,689 7,218 The working insights on the quantity of rental stores and staff quality give a near perspective on the exhibition of the Ashtead Group in the years 2009 and 2010 separately in Sunbelt Rentals and A-Plant (Ashtead Group Press Release, 2011). Conversion scale Risk Ashtead Group is presented to swapping scale hazard created from interpretation chance rising up out of the greater part of the organization resources, liabilities, salary and costs written in the US dollars. The adjustments in the near estimation of Pound Sterling and the US dollar can affect on the monetary quality and working of the organization. All obligation of the organizat ion is appeared in the US dollars to make sure about partially the income stream, supporting against the interpretation impacts emitting from the move in the dollar swapping scale. The organization pays dollar enthusiasm on its obligations to diminish the effect of any move in the dollar swapping scale on its pay (Ashtead Group Annual Report Accounts, 2010). Developments in the pace of the US dollar as for Pound Sterling has been having and essential effect on our monetary position and results of activities as enlisted in pounds are on the grounds that the majority of the organization resources, liabilities, salary and expenses are spoken to in US dollars. Development in the introduction of the firm against Pound Sterling or different monetary forms notwithstanding, can make critical exchange presentation for the firm. More elevated level of presentation can influence the firm’s momentary incomes and along these lines may compel the firm to obtain to meet its transient money necessities. (Moffett, Stonehill, and Eiteman,2009). Till 31 October 2010 all organization obligations appeared in the US dollar were about 80% of the estimation of net resources appeared in dollar. It demonstrated out to be hearty fence against cash changes. It decreases the effect of conversion standard changes as premium is paid through dollar also, along these lines, lessening the impact on pre-charge benefits and pay. In view of the most recent money blend of Ashtead Group’s benefits and on dollar obligation levels, premium and trade rates at 31 October 2010, a 1% change in the US dollar conversion standard would affect pre-charge benefit by ?40,000 (Ashtead Group Press Release, 2011). The organization has been profiting by the solid dollar previously, as is apparent from the consequences of Sunbelt from more grounded dollar in the year 2009 when incomes in dollar were short by 21% over the year to US$1450 million however as a general rule expanded by 7% when appeared in UK authentic (International Rental News, 2009). Ashtead's Sunbelt results were supported by the more grounded dollar. Sunbelt's incomes in dollars fell by 21% throughout the year to US$1450 million, albeit really developed by 7% when communicated in UK authentic. A-Plant's deals for the year fell by 2% to 208.0 [pounds sterling] million. Dollar swapping scale supporting functioned admirably for the organization in the year 2009 in the midst of diminishing deals for both the organizations of the gathering in the last quarter with 28% cut in salary by A-Plant and 24% decrease in the pay of Senbelt in nearby

Cherokee Indians Essay examples -- essays research papers fc

Cherokee Nation Before attack of the Americans onto Cherokee domain, the Cherokee lived in harmony and concordance. Keetoowah is the name of the old Cherokee town in the eastern countries, said to be the â€Å"Mother Town† of the individuals (Conley 18). Huge numbers of the Cherokee Indians started here as per the customs. They alluded themselves as Ani-Kituwagi, which means Keetoowah People, or Ani-yunwi-ya, the Real People (Conley 27). The ripe grounds of the Keetoowah were filled of numerous assets, however as the populace became unreasonably huge for the town, numerous individuals had moved out and fabricated new towns. Extra time, numerous towns were constructed in a steady progression. Before long, there were roughly 200 dispersed clans over huge territories that comprised of various politically autonomous clans included a war boss and harmony boss as there government (King 95). Every clan was politically free because of the reality they didn’t need an amazing focal government; t he possibility that any one individual had incomparable force. In this way, clans were held together by a typical culture, language, and custom.      Tradition assumed a significant job in Cherokee tribes. It verified components of a culture from age to age were passed down. For example, the conventional matrilineal Cherokee family structure, which implies drop, is followed through the female line (Conley 24). The kids had a place with the mother and her family tribe. There was no relatedness with the dad and he’s family group. This family structure gave a protected and secure condition for ladies and kids. Additionally, it implied the man lived in the wife’s house, encompassed by her clan’s individuals, so he would not set out to mishandle her except if he needed an innate beating. Ladies were generally fused into the clans. Not exclusively was she the leader of her space with commonly regarded force and authority, she had equivalent state in the undertakings of war and harmony. She was likewise responsible for the family unit and sustenance of her family (Lehochy). The ladies were associated w ith numerous elements of day by day life. It appears as though the ladies were the clan, however not for long.      Years after the principal American contact, European brokers living among would wed Cherokee ladies. European brokers couldn't acknowledge that reality of following plummet through the female line, however gradually the tribe framework surrendered to the European... ...despair. After the primary experiences with Americans, the Cherokee Nation was breaking down. For example, Cherokee family structures were changing, immense measures of grounds were being surrendered to Americans, and Cherokee Indians were constrained from their territories. Additional time, this steady working on the Cherokee Nation, lead to the last Indian expulsion from countries and the destruction of the Cherokee Nation in southeastern United States. Works Cited â€Å"Aspect of Cherokee Women’s Social, Domestic, and Political Roles.† Lehochy, Wather. 11 Oct. 2004 . â€Å"Cherokee.† 10 Oct. 2004 . â€Å"Cherokee Messenger.† Vhenrichs@earthlink.net. 10 Oct. 2004 Conley, Robert, J. Cherokee. Portland: Graphic Arts Center Publishing Co., 2002. â€Å"Early Tennessee History and Cherokee History.† Smith, Ray. 11 Oct. 2004 . Ehle, John. Trail of Tears. New York: Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc., 1925. â€Å"History of the Cherokee.† Martin, Ken. Admin@cherokeehistory.com. 10 Oct. 2004 . Ruler, Duane, H. The Cherokee Indian Nation. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1979. â€Å"Trail of Tears.† Carrielynn1970@iwon.com. 10 Oct. 2004 http://home.bellsouth.net/p/s/community.dll?ep=16&groupid=104393&ck=/. Cherokee Indians Essay models - expositions explore papers fc Cherokee Nation Before intrusion of the Americans onto Cherokee region, the Cherokee lived in harmony and congruity. Keetoowah is the name of the old Cherokee town in the eastern countries, said to be the â€Å"Mother Town† of the individuals (Conley 18). Huge numbers of the Cherokee Indians started here as per the conventions. They alluded themselves as Ani-Kituwagi, which means Keetoowah People, or Ani-yunwi-ya, the Real People (Conley 27). The prolific grounds of the Keetoowah were filled of numerous assets, yet as the populace became unreasonably huge for the town, numerous individuals had moved out and constructed new towns. Extra time, numerous towns were manufactured in a steady progression. Before long, there were around 200 dispersed clans over tremendous regions that comprised of various politically free clans involved a war boss and harmony boss as there government (King 95). Every clan was politically autonomous because of the reality they didn’t need a ground-breaking foca l government; the possibility that any one individual had preeminent force. Consequently, clans were held together by a typical culture, language, and convention.      Tradition assumed a significant job in Cherokee families. It verified components of a culture from age to age were passed down. For example, the customary matrilineal Cherokee family structure, which implies plummet, is followed through the female line (Conley 24). The kids had a place with the mother and her family faction. There was no relatedness with the dad and he’s family tribe. This family structure gave a protected and secure condition for ladies and youngsters. Additionally, it implied the man lived in the wife’s house, encompassed by her clan’s individuals, so he would not set out to mishandle her except if he needed an innate beating. Ladies were to a great extent fused into the clans. Not exclusively was she the leader of her space with commonly regarded force and authority, she had equivalent state in the issues of war and harmony. She was additionally responsible for the family and sustenance of her family (Lehochy). The ladies were e ngaged with numerous elements of every day life. It appears as though the ladies were the clan, yet not for long.      Years after the principal American contact, European brokers living among would wed Cherokee ladies. European dealers couldn't acknowledge that reality of following plunge through the female line, yet gradually the family framework surrendered to the European... ...despair. After the principal experiences with Americans, the Cherokee Nation was weakening. For example, Cherokee family structures were changing, immense measures of grounds were being surrendered to Americans, and Cherokee Indians were constrained from their properties. Extra time, this steady working on the Cherokee Nation, lead to the last Indian expulsion from countries and the downfall of the Cherokee Nation in southeastern United States. Works Cited â€Å"Aspect of Cherokee Women’s Social, Domestic, and Political Roles.† Lehochy, Wather. 11 Oct. 2004 . â€Å"Cherokee.† 10 Oct. 2004 . â€Å"Cherokee Messenger.† Vhenrichs@earthlink.net. 10 Oct. 2004 Conley, Robert, J. Cherokee. Portland: Graphic Arts Center Publishing Co., 2002. â€Å"Early Tennessee History and Cherokee History.† Smith, Ray. 11 Oct. 2004 . Ehle, John. Trail of Tears. New York: Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc., 1925. â€Å"History of the Cherokee.† Martin, Ken. Admin@cherokeehistory.com. 10 Oct. 2004 . Ruler, Duane, H. The Cherokee Indian Nation. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1979. â€Å"Trail of Tears.† Carrielynn1970@iwon.com. 10 Oct. 2004 http://home.bellsouth.net/p/s/community.dll?ep=16&groupid=104393&ck=/.

John Proctor Good Or Bad Essays - Salem Witch Trials, The Crucible

John Proctor Good Or Bad Essays - Salem Witch Trials, The Crucible John Proctor Good Or Bad IS JOHN PROCTOR A GOOD MAN ? Arthur Millers play The Crucible, is set in the little American Town of Salem. One of the primary characters is John Proctor, spouse to Elizabeth Proctor and a dreaded, however regarded individual from this New Jerusalems people group. John Proctor is a man who has a few imperfections, yet in addition numerous valid statements to his character. Different characters all through the play feature these varying parts of Proctors character. Delegate likewise presents different character attributes as the play advances, yet anyway toward the end he develops as a solid character who is basically acceptable and who is excused and pardons himself for his infidelity with Abigail William's. Delegate physical portrayal urges us to see him with a certain goal in mind. In the play he is portrayed as, the sort of man-amazing of body, calm, and not effortlessly drove. In spite of the fact that Proctor is genuinely solid, it is soon clear that his shortcoming originates from his relationship with Abigail. In addition to the fact that he committed infidelity, which was and still is viewed as indecent in an exceptionally strict network, yet he additionally exploited a hireling in his utilize and manhandled the trust given him as a business just as the trust of his better half. This two-timing occasion is a vital issue in Proctors demeanor towards himself and in the perusers mentality towards him, He is a delinquent, a miscreant not just against the ethical style of the time, yet against his own vision of good lead. Delegate feels remorseful about his relationship with Abigail when he is visited by Hale and got some information about his duty to the congregation and his insight into the ten charges. Delegate unintentionally overlooks one instruction, Thou shalt not submit infidelity. Delegate: Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven picture, Solidness: You have said that twice, sir, Elizabeth: Adultery, John. Delegate represents his absence of participation at chapel in Act 1 by declaring that he won't tune in to the hellfire and ridiculous punishment, lectured by Parris. In Act 2 he states, I like it not that Mr Parris should lay his hand upon my infant, I see no light of God in that man. Sick not disguise it. A demonstration the towns individuals and the court see as a rebel against the matchless quality of God. This statement likewise features Proctors in any case principled endorsement to his life, he isn't set up to accomplish something since it is normal by the remainder of the network. Delegate relationship with different characters feature parts of his character. In Act 2 Giles Corey and Francis Nurse come to him for help following the capture of Rebecca Nurse and Martha Corey. It is clear from this that he is regarded by them. Delegate character is additionally featured through how he is seen by his better half. Elizabeth is cooking for him and obviously she is needing to satisfy him. Delegate: It is very much prepared, Elizabeth: I took extraordinary incredible, shes delicate? Delegate: I intend to satisfy you, Elizabeth Elizabeth: I know it, John! This shows Proctor is clearly putting forth an attempt to please and be adoring towards Elizabeth, yet she is thinking that its difficult to pardon him for his conduct. Save me! You overlook nothin and excuse nothin. Learn good cause lady. I have gone pussyfoot in this house every one of the multi month since she is no more. I have not moved from that point to there without think to satisfy you, and still an ever-enduring burial service walks round your heart. In act 2 we do see Elizabeth Proctor shows up exceptionally meek and ailing in certainty, Elizabeth: I couldnt stop her, Delegate: Its an issue, its a shortcoming Elizabeth your the fancy woman here, not Mary Warren. Elizabeth: She startled everything that is in me away. It is critical to Proctor how he is seen by others in the network and therefore he is hesitant to go to Salems court at an early stage, as he would have to admit to the illicit relationship with Abigail. He in the end demonstrations effectively, so as to show his affection for Elizabeth who dangers judgment from the court on proof from Abigail. Elizabeth: She needs to me dead, John, you know it! Delegate: I state plunk down!. Presently we should be shrewd Elizabeth. The offended court authorities gather Elizabeth Proctor to

Business Economics Apply Model Economics - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the Report for Business Economics of Apply Model Economics. Answer: 1) Economic models apply financial hypothesis to clarify and figure parametric changes in monetary factors after some time under certain particular presumption. Consequently rearranged approximations of the genuine monetary circumstances are spoken to by financial models. In any case, financial models are supposed to be ridiculous. The fundamental purpose for this sort of proclamation is that a financial model is framed under an impressive number of suppositions a large portion of which probably won't hold in reality. Thus, when these presumptions are loose, the model loses its legitimacy and neglects to clarify financial results. Financial models are intended to be improved portrayal of this present reality. Be that as it may, since the suppositions don't for the most part hold in reality, at times monetary models neglect to fill the genuine need. (Hindriks, 2008) Monetary models are basically founded on specific suppositions which might be either pivotal or improving. These suspicions are made to improve complex genuine financial circumstances empowering monetary hypothesis to decipher results of the genuine economy and furthermore conjecture what's to come. When the result of a model is shown up at, the suspicions are loosened up each in turn to get a closer estimate of the genuine monetary circumstance concerned in light of the fact that these suppositions by and large don't hold in actuality. On the other side, since these financial models are on a very basic level dependent on emotional suspicions, they may create completely various outcomes when any of these presumptions is loose or even adjusted. This demonstrates the conceivable disappointment of a monetary model to foresee financial results for this present reality. This hypothesis approves the given proclamation. (Syll, 2010) Let us think about the Simple Keynesian model (SKM). It accept that request makes its own gracefully, the value level stays fixed, the economy is shut, there is overabundance creation limit in the economy, and so on. In light of every one of these suppositions, it gives the result of balance of total flexibly and request in the economy. In any case, in reality these presumptions don't generally hold. Request doesn't really make its own gracefully. Value levels are not fixed in light of the fact that there are examples of expansion. Also, practically no economy on the planet is shut. Consequently practically a large portion of the presumptions on which the model is based don't remain constant. In the event that these suppositions are loosened up the model will lose its legitimacy. Besides, it doesn't consider some primary financial parameters like cash and loan costs that assume significant jobs in deciding the total interest in the economy. So the model is definitely not a legitimate guess of this present reality. (Mankiw, 2006) 2) In Australia negative outfitting is an instrument of expense that qualifies speculators for charge conclusions on bringing about misfortunes on property ventures made on monetary advances. Financial specialists can make sure about themselves against misfortunes from property speculations by accepting an assessment conclusion equivalent to the measure of the misfortune. (Koulizos, 2016) 60 percent of the proprietors in Australia acquired misfortunes of around $10,000 in the year 2013-2014. Notwithstanding, due to the predominance of the arrangement of negative equipping, these misfortunes were recuperated by means of personal expense decreases of the individual sums. Negative outfitting, consequently, urges potential speculators to put resources into properties without confronting misfortunes due to the current protection of negative equipping. This goes about as a significant part of total interest. Over the long haul, this extends the venture openings in an economy and furthermore supports financial development to a huge degree. An evacuation of negative outfitting suggests that the protection approach against venture misfortunes is pulled back. This would obviously demoralize financial operators from putting resources into properties any further. Regardless of whether they do contribute, the size of speculation would lessen by a huge degree concerning the whole e conomy. (Cahill, 2016) This would prompt a contortion in costs just as rents in the lodging market in the short run in light of the fact that there will be an interest gracefully jumble. In any case, a few financial experts propose that over the long haul, this may really be ideal for the economy in general (Jericho, 2016) The above figure speaks to the expulsion of negative equipping from the economy. As negative equipping is expelled, interest in properties falls which prompts a fall in the flexibly of houses in the medium and since quite a while ago run. This is spoken to by a leftward move of the flexibly bend from SS to SS. Different things staying consistent, there is no motivation behind why this fall in flexibly will be joined by any decrease sought after. Subsequently interest for houses or investment properties stays unaltered. Consequently, costs go up from P* to P to equilibrate request and the new gracefully as at point E. Consequently, if negative outfitting is evacuated, leases and costs get twisted, for the most part the upward way. This applies a negative impact on financial specialists when all is said in done, particularly on singular speculators like guardians buying houses as a venture instrument for their youngsters. Additionally, individuals renting houses would likewise be influenced in light of the abrupt disturbance in rents. Given certain parameters and conditions, leases and costs may not after all expansion on the evacuation of negative outfitting. (Janda, 2016) Then again, considering the instance of largescale offer of properties via proprietors and different speculators, the gracefully of houses may really build moving the flexibly bend outward. This would in actuality lead to a fall in the cost of houses and furthermore leases. 3) The extract charge is $ 0.537 per cigarette. (as on first July 2016) The total extract charge on 20 cigarettes is $ (0.537 x 20) = $10.74 $11 The new cost of 20 bundle cigarettes is $ (10 + 11) = $21 The assessment would influence dealers in the accompanying manner: In the above figure, DD is the interest bend for cigarettes and SS is the flexibly bend of cigarettes. The harmony is built up at E with value P* and amount Q*. At the point when an extract charge is forced, the cost goes up. This expanded cost is separated among purchasers and dealers by expanding the cost followed through on by purchasers and lessening the cost got by venders. Along these lines, as the cost got by dealers falls and the amount provided additionally falls. In this way, the all out income of the tobacco makers decays to a significant degree. On burden of an expense, the cost goes up from P* to PB. In any case, the expanded cost doesn't mirror the whole measure of the duty. The purchasers need to pay PB though the venders get just PS. The expense rate is (PB PS) = $0.537. On the government assistance grounds, the shopper surplus diminishes by the zone An and the maker surplus falls by the zone B. In spite of the fact that this is by all accounts lost government assista nce evidently, this really brings about the improvement of social government assistance concerning wellbeing parameters. The expense rate is proportionately separated among purchasers and merchants and the extents can be discretionary. Here the separate flexibilities assume a significant job. The separate extents rely upon the flexibility of interest for tobacco and the versatility of the gracefully of tobacco. The specialist who will pay the higher extent of the expense has lesser versatility comparative with the other. The general supposition that will be that the interest versatility of cigarettes is moderately much low contrasted with the flexibly flexibility of cigarettes which is generally higher. Cigarette being a compulsion decent is for the most part request inelastic. Henceforth, purchasers would pay more expense than venders as appeared in the accompanying graph: In the above figure, DD is the interest bend which is moderately inelastic as contrasted and the flexibly bend SS. As can be seen from the figure, subsequently the assessment portion of purchasers given by the zone An is more than that of the venders spoke to by the zone B. In this way, purchasers bear a higher piece of the absolute expense income. 4) The French organization DCNS took up the agreement of building the Australian submarines at a cost of $50b. There are numerous monetary purposes for giving the agreement of creating each of the twelve submarines to just one firm and not to different firms. Cost minimization is the fundamental intention and this would profit both the maker and the Australian economy. Assume the agreement was offered out to 4 unique firms where each would need to deliver 3 submarines. For this situation, the total expense borne by 4 distinct firms to deliver 3 submarines each would surpass the expense borne by DCNS for the creation of the 12 submarines. Here, the law of decreasing expenses works. This suggests with increment in the units of the product, costs continue falling. The expense would be limited with the most extreme creation. This would convert into discounted costs that the Australian government would need to pay. On the off chance that 4 firms were to deliver 3 submarines each, the cost charged from the Australian government may have been $15b for each firm which would indicate an all out expense of $60b which surpasses the $50b that its previously paying to DCNS. Mass requests are commonly all the more speaking to any maker. In this way, on the off chance that one maker is given to deliver the whole request, the work should be possible all the more effectively, at the base expense and precisely. This is advantageous for the Australian government and economy just as the maker or firm taking up the request; which for this situation is DCNS. Accordingly, the Australian government has appropriate monetary support in giving the whole agreement to DCNS on the grounds that this lessens the expense as well as guarantees effective creation.. This can be appeared as follows: At the point when each firm has 3 submarines to deliver, a normal all out expense of $5b per submarine is brought about. Anyway when one firm needs to deliver 12 submarines, the normal complete expense is $3b per submarine. Henceforth if each firm delivers 3 submarines, the all out expense would $15b. Nonetheless, for this situation when just one firm is delivering all the submarines, $36b is the total expense. Consequently, as the quantity of submarines created by a firm builds, the absolute cost falls

The Differences Between a Writing Paper Service and Others

The Differences Between a Writing Paper Service and OthersWhat makes a writing paper service different from others? It is different in its pricing strategy, how it makes its work, what it provides to their clients and above all the quality of its service. Here are some of the things you should consider before hiring a writer.Writing paper service should know how to distinguish between skill and knowledge. In other words, it should be able to differentiate between an expert and an average reader. You have to remember that many people write a paper to get knowledge or to get promoted. The idea behind this is that by writing you will get the knowledge and you will get the job done faster.The paper service also offers different types of papers for different purposes. So make sure that you choose one that can meet your needs. The last thing you want is to hire someone who will only provide you with short term papers that don't require much reading.You should also be aware of the kind of w riting that you want. It is one thing to write a short summary of your paper but it is something else to write a dissertation. The papers that they offer should not only be interesting, but they should also be good. Good writing will increase the chances of your being hired by other employers.Another important feature is the good customer service. No matter how good the paper is, it doesn't matter if it was written well or not if the writer does not return your phone calls. Just because the paper was written well doesn't mean that the writer is qualified to return your calls. A good paper service should be there when you need them the most and when they are not there, they should be willing to work with you to figure out why the paper was not delivered.The paper service should also be there when you need them the most. It's easy to go and deliver a paper to them when you think you need it the most. They should be available twenty-four hours a day and seven days a week. This way they can respond to the needs of the clients and can guarantee the delivery.You should also see what kind of tools they use when they are delivering the papers. It is best to see whether they use high end writing instruments or not. The best services will give their clients high end tools such as fountain pens, laser printers, high end copiers and inkjet printers.After these few points you should be able to decide whether you want to employ the services of a writing service or not. Remember that having a good writing paper is not always about having an outstanding writing style, just be sure that you can hire someone who can actually deliver what they promise.

A Public Law on Devolution and Scotland - Free Essay Example

Assume that the UK Parliament has passed new legislation conferring powers on the UK government to determine, by Order, who has the right to vote in any UK referendum. The government is considering whether to make an Order extending the right to vote in the independence referendum to registered voters in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The Scottish Government is furious and claims that this would be a breach of the Edinburgh Agreement and Sch 5, Part 1, para 5A of the Scotland Act 1998. Advise the relevant minister whether he is legally entitled to enact such an Order. To fully advise the minister if he would be legally entitled to enact such an order, to allow registered voters in England, Wales and Northern Ireland to vote in any UK referendum. To do this we first need to understand what the Edinburgh agreement and Sch 5, Part 1, para 5A of the Scotland Act 1998 covers. The Edinburgh agreement[1] is an agreement between the Scottish Government and the United Kingdom government. This agreement was signed by both Governments on the 15th October 2012, and charted the footprint for the Scottish independence referendum on 18th September 2014. An argument brought up by Professor Adam Tomkins is that before the enactment of the Edinburgh Agreement [2] the Scottish government was acting out with its powers as it was not following Westminsterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s legislative supremacy. Even with the commencement of the Edinburgh Agreement some see the UK parliament has having the final say in any laws passed and can if applicable, override any. Cons titutional theorist A.C Dicey describes parliamentary supremacy as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Parliamentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦has under the English constitution, the right to make or unmake any law whatever: and, further, that no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[3] The Scotland Act 1998 created a devolved Parliament in Scotland. In turn this created the devolved powers that allow the Scottish Government to legislate on non-reserved issues.[4] Nevertheless Scotland gets its powers from Westminsterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s constitutional supremacy rather than from its own sovereignty. This would mean that Westminster could in theory rescind any of the devolved powers and legislation given and made my Scotland. Yet Westminster has given it agreement, that the referendum should go forward making the Edinburgh agreement legally binding. The Scotland Act 1998 (Modification of Schedule 5) Order 201 3 inserts the words à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Paragraph 1 does not reserve a referendum on the independence of Scotland from the rest of the United Kingdom if the following requirements are metà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[5] This change has allowed the Scottish parliament to legally hold a referendum. This order modifies schedule 5.Paragraph 1 of part 1 of schedule 5 so that a referendum on the independence of Scotland from the rest of the United Kingdom is not reserved matter if certain requirements are met. Moreover the Referendum Bill introduced by the Scottish Government created the franchise for the referendum. The UK Government and the Scottish Government both agreed that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"all those entitled to voteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ 3 should be able to vote in the referendum à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The franchise enables British, Irish, qualifying Commonwealth citizens and European Union citizens resident in Scotland to voteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[6]Furthermore Professor John Curtice has also pointed out that Northern Ireland sovereignty referendum, 1973, set a precedent for allowing only those à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"resident in one part of the UK to vote on its sovereigntyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[7] In summary the referendum is now a binding legal decision as Westminster has agreed to s30 order under the Edinburgh Agreement. Moreover both Governments also agreed on who would be able to vote, and it was up to the Scottish Government to implement a franchise for the voting. This clearly stated that you had to reside in Scotland to vote. Therefore the minister would not be able to enact such an order. Assume that the Order has not been made and the referendum franchise is as set out in the Scottish Independence Referendum (Franchise) Act 2013. The referendum has taken place and there is a narrow victory for the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"noà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ campaign. The Scottish government, which campaigned for a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"yesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ vote, is advised that a much higher percentage of 16 and 17 year olds voted no than voters aged over 18, and that had they not been enfranchised, there would have been a majority for the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"yesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ campaign. The Scottish Ministers introduce a Bill into the Scottish Parliament which states that the words à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"aged 16 or overà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in section 2(1)(a) of the Franchise Act are to be repealed and replaced with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"aged 18 or overà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. It further provides that any vote cast by someone aged under 18 on the day of the referendum is to be void and treated as if it had not been cast. Advise the Presiding Officer as to whether she should certify that the Bill is within the Scottish Parliamentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s legislative competence. To fully advise the Presiding Officer as to whether she should certify that the Bill is within the Scottish Parliamentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s legislative competence we need to first understand the meaning of the Scottish Independence Referendum (Franchise) Act 2013[8] and what powers that gives to the Scottish Government in relation to the franchise. The Act 2013 defines the electorate for the referendum and allows the Scottish Parliament to create requirements about those who are entitled to vote in a referendum on the independence of Scotland. Furthermore this is including requirements for the formation of a register of young voters for the purposes of such a referendum. Furthermore the franchise will be extended to allow 16 and 17 year olds to vote in the referendum.[9] The 16 to 17 year olds would make up approximately 3% of the voters entitled to vote.[10] This has been made possible by s30 Order[11]. The franchise remains a reserved matter of the UK Government in Westminster. The Scottish Parliamentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s devolved power over elections is generally limited by the Scotland Act 1998. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Scotland Act 2012 devolves more power concerning the administration of elections, but does not grant authority to legislate on the extent of voting rights within Scotland.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"[12] In Summary The Presiding Officer would not be able to certify the amendments to the Franchise Act, which states that the words à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"aged 16 or overà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in section 2(1)(a) of the Franchise Act are to be repealed and replaced with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"aged 18 or overà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.The Scottish Government as mentioned previously do not have the power to do so. Only the Government in Westminster would be able to change this as this is a reserved power. Moreover as stated the 16 to 17 year olds would make up some 3% or so of the electorate eligible to vote. By removing their vote it would theoretically not give the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"YESà ¢Ã¢ ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ vote the majority that they say it would get. Even so, this will be the first time young voters aged under 18 years old would take part in a major public ballot in Scotland or indeed anywhere in the UK. Assume that the no vote stands. The UK Parliament enacts new legislation providing that any further devolution of legislative competence to the Scottish Parliament, Welsh Assembly or Northern Ireland Assembly must first be approved by a vote in each devolved legislature and by a two thirds majority at third reading in each House of Parliament. Subsequently an Act is passed which,inter alia, makes some minor adjustments to Sch 5, Part 2, Head D of the Scotland Act 1998, which has the effect of giving the Scottish Parliament and Scottish Government increased competence in relation to renewable energy. The Scottish Parliament has agreed to the change, but neither the Welsh Assembly nor the Northern Ireland Assembly has been consulted, nor did the Act receive a two thirds majority at third reading in either House of Parliament. Advise the Scottish Government whether it is legally entitled to act on the new powers. To fully advise the Scottish Government on whether it is legally entitled to act on the new powers we need to first understand how new legislation is brought to power. The Scottish Parliament, Northern Ireland or Welsh Assembly all have different devolved powers.[13] Scotlandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s powers include policing and criminal justice; Northern Assembly donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t up till now have these powers. Both Scotland and Northern Ireland have decentralised control, which allows them to legislate on any other matter that has not been specifically acknowledged or reserved to Westminster. Wales, however has much more limited legislative powers. Walesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s assembly has powers ony over areas that have been specifically given to them by Westminster. [14]Due to this it would be difficult for each devolved legislature to vote on devolution powers they may not have any control over. The UK Parliament has the overall say in what becomes law and what does not. The U K Parliament does not need the devolved legislature in each country to agree on what the new powers should be. Even though the Irish and Welsh Assemblies have not agreed on the act, the UK Parliament have passed the act. The UK parliament have overall say on what occurs. Therefore as stated the act has been passed. Renewable energy is generally reserved matter for the UK Government as set out in the Scotland Act 1998[15]. However by passing the law it has allowed the Scottish Parliament more power over this. Due to this the Scottish Government can act on its new powers. This is due to the fact that the UK has overall say in what powers are given to each parliament/assembly. In summary there is no need for all the devolved legislators to vote on the passing of a bill, as the UK Government has he final say. Scotland therefore has the right to use the new powers as they see fit. [1] https://www.scotland.gov.uk/About/Government/concordats/Referendum-on-independence [2] https://ukconstitutionallaw.org/tag/scotland-act-1998/ [3] A.V. Dicey Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (1885) [4] S29 SA 1998 [5] Sch 5, Part 1, para 5A of the Scotland Act 1998 [6] https://www.scotland.gov.uk/About/Government/concordats/Referendum-on-independence#The Scottish Parliamentary franchise [7]  https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-19962267 [8] Scotcen Will 16 and 17 year olds make a difference in the referendum? https://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2013/14/enacted [9] https://www.scotcen.org.uk/media/205540/131129_will-16-and-17-years-olds-make-a-difference.pdf [10] This calculation is based on the mid-2012 population estimates available at https://www.groscotland.gov.uk/files2/stats/population-estimates/mid2012/mid-2011-2012-pop-est.pdf. The procedure to be used in registering 16 and 17 year olds is laid out in the Scot tish Independence Referendum (Franchise) Act 2013. See https://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parliamentarybusiness/Bills/60464.aspx. [11] Scotlan act 1998 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/46/section/30 [12] Heather Green: Prisoners and Other People: the Right to Vote in the Scottish Independence Referendum (Franchise) Bill https://www.scottishconstitutionalfutures.org/OpinionandAnalysis/ViewBlogPost/tabid/1767/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/1951/Heather-Green-Prisoners-and-Other-People-the-Right-to-Vote-in-the-Scottish-Independence-Referendum-Franchise-Bill.aspx [13] Division of Powers -https://extranet.cor.europa.eu/divisionpowers/countries/MembersLP/UK/Pages/default.aspx [14] Governance of Wales: Who is responsible for what? https://www.assemblywales.org/abthome/role-of-assembly-how-it-works/governance-of-wales.htm [15] https://ukconstitutionallaw.org/tag/scotland-act-1998/

Business Analysis- International Strategy and Competitive...

Introduction According to Iliev et al (2004, p. 133), Apple Inc. was selling its products exclusively in America, initially. Nowadays, Apple has expanded significantly beyond domestic market. Apple has so far succeeded to become a multinational organization, selling products and resourcing law materials globally. To minimize the impact of the existing rivalry in the PC industry at the global edge and to maintain competitive advantage, Apple applies non-competition strategies, (Yoffie, 2004). This section examines the strategies adopted Apple Inc to penetrate and to manage rivalry in the global market. Further, this part looks into the competitive advantages of Apple Inc, which enable it to maintain competitive edge In the PC industry†¦show more content†¦In fact, today, iTunes account for 70% for global market for digital music downloads, (Jones, 2011). The combination of product development and product proliferation strategies is beneficial to Apple since the perceived value of the products of Apple Inc. generated through innovation and superior design proves to be inimitable competency. Thus, as much as this advantage exists, Apple will continue to lead in the PC industry. However, the product proliferation strategy adopted by Apple Inc. a major shortcoming. According to Iliev et al (2004, p. 133), this tactic leads to high pressure for cost reduction and for local responsiveness. This makes this approach the most difficult to realize, but if a company succeeds, it can obtain a low cost structure and also considerable level of customer acceptance. According to Iliev et al (2004, p. 133), Apple applies this approach, but, it has not yet attained the optimal point. As a result, the majority of computer owners in the global market do not know much about Apple’s technology. For Apple to attain appropriately low cost situation, it has to come up with ways to persuade PC users in the global market from the very entry of their innovative and technological superiority. Competitive advantage Apple Inc faces great competition form other companies in the PC industry such as Dell, Compaq and Gateway. This forces Apple to come up with competitive strategies whichShow MoreRelatedMgt 498 Week 4 Competitive Advantages Paper990 Words   |  4 PagesCompetitive Advantages MGT 498 December 5, 2012 Professor Competitive Advantages This study will inform the audience, which competitive advantages Riordan has in common with Apple and Coca Cola. It will distinguish which competitive strategies Riordan may use to increase improvement and sustainability of organization procedures in the global market and the United States. The study will inform why certain types of competitiveRead MoreApple Inc. An International Brand1578 Words   |  7 PagesApple Inc. is an international brand that manufactures and distributes computer software, personal computers, cell phones, portable digital music players, consumer electronic products, media devices and mobile communication, and renders software services, networking solutions, peripherals, and digital applications and content. The brand embraces such popular products as the Macintosh series, the iPhone, iPod, Apple TV, and the iPad. The company holds powerful software resource consisting of theRead MoreInternational Market Screening And Target Market Selection2 093 Words   |  9 PagesThe expansion of business to foreign locations is a strategy that enhances additional growth and revenue. At the same time, the decision to move to the international market poses challenges for the management. The choice of an appropriate market requires extensive information research and proper data processing to ensure that the offered product satisfies consumer needs. Therefore, international market screening is a comprehensive and extensive process based on numerous theories of decision-makingRead MoreEnvironmental Scan Paper1148 Words   |  5 PagesHunger). SWOT analysis is the simplest way to conduct environmental scanning. The acronym SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. These factors are important because before an organization can begin strategy formulation, it must scan the internal environment for strengths and weaknesses and their external environment to identify possible opportunities and threats (Wheelen Hunger ). In this paper I will describe the internal and external environments of Apple and Best BuyRead MorePorters Theory of National Competitive Advantage1717 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Porters theory of national competitive advantage expands on basic international trade theory, which posits that nations can leverage certain advantages that they inherit to create advantage for themselves on international markets. What Porter contends is that there are advanced factor endowments that nations can cultivate in order to give them competitive advantages in international trade. These advanced factor endowments are firm strategy, structure and rivalry; factor conditions;Read MoreEthical Sourcing And The Supply Chain1611 Words   |  7 Pagescountry. 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It was divided into three main departments Nokia Technologies, Nokia Networks and until September 2013Read MoreStrategic Management Of Apple Inc. And Samsung Group2547 Words   |  11 PagesManagement of Apple Inc. and Samsung Group Analyze Apple and Samsung domestic and global environments, industry, internal capabilities, mission and vision. Apple and Samsung, actually, considered as pioneers in technological industry. Every company has chosen different business strategies and models within the marketplace. Apple releases few but highly anticipated high-end products while Samsung inundates the market with a wide variety of products. In the beginning, Apple was very carefulRead MoreStrategy of Mobile Phone Industry5915 Words   |  24 PagesThe strategy of the mobile phone industry: A comparative analysis of Apple, Sony, Xiaomi The strategy of the mobile phone industry - a comparative analysis of Apple, Sony, Xiaomi I Executive summary The paper sheds lights on the strategy of three mobile phone industry and that task is to perform comparative analysis on Apple, Sony and Xiaomi. The author has first started with the analysis of the macro-environment using strategic analytic tool called PESTLE. The author has usedRead MoreGlobal Economy And Economic Variables1246 Words   |  5 Pages 1 COURSE PROJECT MG631 – GLOBAL ECONOMY How Global Economy and Economic Variables are affecting Global Operations of Apple Corporation 2 Executive Summary The macroeconomic discussi ons that Apple s success tends to be very curious things. Here we have a company that s been phenomenally successful, making products people love s and directly creating nearly 50,000 American jobs in doing so, criticised for not locating its manufa cturing operations in America, eve n as Americans complain about the

Sex Cells Anatomy and Production

Anti Semitism By Philip Roth Essay - 1202 Words

Anti-Semitism Jewish Writers The experience of the Jewish family in the United States over the past century has been one of acculturation and accommodation to the norms and the values of America society. At the same time, Anti-Semitism in America reached its peak during the interwar period between 1940s and 1960s. At that time, the Jewish Anti-Semitism appeared as a phenomenon of the Depression and the 1940s. Almost all of the Jewish American writers simply presented realistic portrayals of their fellow immigrants or their parents’ generation. Later, some other Americans, partial to Anti-Semitism, found confirmation of negative stereotypes in the new Jewish American Literature. Indeed, some parent-hating or self-hating Jewish American writers of the second or the third generation, living now in the bounty of American affluence, consciously reinforced negative stereotypes with satire and a selective realism. Philip Roth, whose portrayal of the tensions between these figures borders on self-hatred and an a lmost Anti-Semitic view of the Jewish family in America, is a great example of these phenomenon. In his book, Portnoy’s Complaint, Roth touched on the assimilation experiences of American Jews, their relationship to Israeli Jews, and his experience as inherent in being the son of a Jewish family. As a second generation Jewish writer, he chose to show the stereotypes and discrimination that he faced through Alex Portnoy. Portnoy was raised by Jewish parents who were veryShow MoreRelatedA Short Note On Anti Semitic Jewish Writers1200 Words   |  5 PagesMena Soliman Prof. Stefan Karlsson Writing 39B 11 July 2015 Anti-Semitic Jewish Writers â€Å"The experience of the Jewish families in the United States over the last century has been one of acculturation and accommodation to the norms and the values of the American society.† (â€Å"Jewish American Family† 2). At the same time, Anti-Semitism in America reached its peak during the interwar period between the 1940s and 1960s. The self-hating Jew appeared as a phenomenon of the Depression and the 1940s. At thatRead MoreAnalysis Of Lauren Berlant And Roths The Plot Against America1007 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstand the country they feel as though they belong to, and how one comes to comprehend themselves in relation to their country. This leads to the acknowledgement of the separation of how one perceives their nation, versus how it actually functions. In Philip Roth’s The Plot Against America, the novel illustrates how the left-liberal comprehension of fascism has changed because of not only the Holocaust but also the social movements in the 1960s. A n integral part of this change has been, the ability ofRead MoreDefender Of The Faith By Philip Roth1257 Words   |  6 Pagesa complex, capably envisioned story depicting a contention of loyalties and portraying the trouble of being a better than average and impartial individual in a world assail with contradicting needs. In the short story â€Å"Defender of the faith† by Philip Roth, we are confronted with several different conflicts: man vs. himself, as Sergeant Marx is struggling to decide whether he should be a military man, or a Jewish man; man versus man, with Grossbart continually difficult power and osmosis into theRead MoreEssay Defender of the Faith Theme458 Words   |  2 Pagesjudgement and morality are also questioned in the conflict between the righteous Marx and the manipulative Grossbart. Essentially, the author, Philip Roth, is teaching us the good, honourable way of life. The theme with Jewishness has much to do with Nathan Marx, the â€Å"defender† mentioned in the title. He unknowingly fights the good war against anti-Semitism in the European theatre of war and comes back to train more soldiers against the Axis powers. In the process he cares for his Jewish traineesRead MoreSigmund Freud Essay1721 Words   |  7 Pagesused as an anesthetic for eye surgery, and Freud didn’t become famous (Vijayan). In 1885, Sigmund Freud entered the general hospital of Vienna as an unknown intern, specializing in neurology or nervous diseases such as hysteria, and other diseases (Roth). The job was perfect for Freud since there were very few doctors practicing this area of work thus it will have less competition and will be more of a shortcut to get married (Young). As Freud entered this field of work, he saw how mentally ill peopleRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesThe Age of Mass Migration: Causes and Economic Impact (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998). 23. For sources on numbers, see Adam McKeown, â€Å"Global Migration 1846–1919,† Journal of World History 15, no. 2 (2004): 188–189. More generally, see Philip Kuhn, Chinese among Others: Emigration in Modern Times (Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield, 2008); Adam McKeown, â€Å"Conceptualizing Chinese Diasporas, 1842 to 1949,† Journal of Asian Studies 58 (1999): 322–326, and â€Å"From Opium Farmer to Astronaut: A

Royal Proclamation Essay - 1514 Words

The Royal Proclamation of 1763 The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued by King George III after the gain of French territory resulting from the French and Indian war. The proclamation prohibited the settlement of the land beyond the appalachian mountains in order to maintain peace with Indians and to prevent further casualties. Although the proclamation was made with the intention of protection the colonists, the colonists viewed it as oppression. It angered the colonists who wished to expand into new farmlands, as they believed that they, â€Å"...purchased the land with their blood in the most recent war† (The American Pageant, 113). Feeling defiant, the colonists decided to resist the proclamation and still expanded west. Treaty of†¦show more content†¦French and Indian Wars (1688-1763) The French and Indian Wars is the American name for the series of wars that occurred in North America from 1688-1763. They included King Williams War, Queen Annes War, King Georges war, and the French and Indian War, also known as the 7 years war. A major motive to the wars was the control of North American territory and especially Hudson Bay, which was very important to the fur trade business. King Williams War (1688-1697) King William’s War was the first of the French and Indian Wars. The war was caused due to the treaties and agreements made at the end of King Phillip’s War not being followed. Another main component was control over the fur trade industry and supremacy of North America. King William’s War was ended by the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697. The treaty gave back north American territorial gains during the war back to the original holders. Queen Anne’s War / War of Spanish Succession Queen Annes War was the second of the French and Indian Wars and was fought between 1701 and 1714. The main reasons for the war included the rivalry between France and England in America, a problem that was not solved by the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697. Two months after Queen Anne rose to the British throne, the three allied powers declared war on France on May 1702. The Treaty of Utrecht ended the war and gave Britain fur trading posts in the Hudson Bay area, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia. KingShow MoreRelatedThe Trade Industry During The Post Confederation Era867 Words   |  4 Pagesdespite the government’s ‘honourable’ intentions, the Indian Act promoted gender-based discrimination towards the women of Canada’s First Nations communities, resulting in a loss of status, status rights, and identity for generations of women. This essay will explore the notion of fiduciary duty, will provide an overview of the Indian Act and its key constituents, and will examine the negative impacts of the Indian Act on Canada’s First Nations women. 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As time progresses and new ideas flourish the definition of freedom either flourishes along with society or takes a drastic spiral downward usually with the opinions of humanity. In this essay we will be looking at how the definition of freedom has been altered over its’ history. If we glance back to the first groups that came to America in 1620 we must first look at why they left their home in England. In 1532, King Henry VIII declaredRead MoreThe Rise Of The Transatlantic Slave Trade1712 Words   |  7 PagesSecond Exam / Essay 1 The rise of the Transatlantic Slave Trade started with the helpless souls of Africans. Many people of this time would classify slavery as a natural order, state, or fate. They believed that people were either born as a slave or would later become one because it was their predetermined destiny or fate. Later, world cultures regarded POW’s as a natural state. POW stands for Prisoners of War, and is defined as a person who is captured and held by an enemy during war, especiallyRead MoreThe Joseon Dynasty in Korea Essay1151 Words   |  5 Pagesnew modifications of government and illustrious art, yet continued to have a monarchy-style government. By 1399, King Taejong, the third king of the dynasty, had fortified his role as king. For one, he had issued a new proclamation, stating that all decisions made by the royal court must be finally approved by the king in order to be in effect. This solidified his rule and made him even more powerful, since the king must agree with any new changes. Second, he had exiled many of his supportersRead MoreQuebec s Five Demands A Reasonable Request?1616 Words   |  7 Pagesrecognizing Quebec as a distinct society is however reasonable and has been accommodated into Canadian society, and the ability to restrict federal spending power keeps the federal power in check. In this essay, I will discuss each demand, and argue whether or not it is reasonable. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was Canada’s first attempt at creating a nation. Along with establishing the constitutional framework for Aboriginal Treaty negotiations, it additionally defined the new territory of the ProvinceRead MoreReasons For The Revolution Of The American Revolution2327 Words   |  10 Pagesafter varied successes in the colonies, the Parliament began to see the colonial spirit as a threat. British Parliament attempted to repress the colonies and break the bonds of the culture that the colonies were building. The passing of different proclamations and laws would be the biggest attempts at oppression Parliament would try. After the defeating the French in the Seven Years War, the colonies acquired land west of their settlements. The colonists were elated by the victory because it inevitably

Qualitative Research Idealist Ontology - 887 Words

Qualitative research aims to comprehend the meaning of human action and investigates phenomenon as it occurs in its natural context through subjective means of inquiry (Carter Little, 2001 Hoft, 2011). This paper sets out to identify four features of research as they apply to qualitative research: ontology, epistemology, methodology, and sampling, through the investigation of the article The health-care environment on a locked psychiatric ward: An ethnographic study (Johansson, Skarsater Danielson, 2006). Idealist ontology holds the belief that research knowledge is made up of subjective experiences obtained through observation that is consistently influenced by the researchers interpretations (Giacomini, 2010). Qualitative†¦show more content†¦Based on the previous theoretical foundations, methodology is chosen to guide the research process and justify methods (Giacomini, 2010; Carter Little, 2007). Ethnography is a common methodology in qualitative research and was uti lized by the researchers, with a participant observational approach, to become immersed in the culture of the locked psychiatric ward to seek an intimate interpretative understanding of the patients and staff within their environment (Giacomini, 2010). Ethnography has the ability to portray life inside the study experience, which allow researchers to discover what is significant from the viewpoints and actions of the participants and include the reader in this experience (Charmaz, 2004). The researchers in the study provide examples of field notes that were collected during observations which were analyzed into themes and sub-themes. The two main themes to have control and to be controlled are then further articulated in more detail through the viewpoints of both the patients and the staff to allow the reader to fully understand the lived experience. Lastly, all participants in qualitative research are selected to serve an investigative purpose rather than be considered a statistic al representation of a population (Carter Little,Show MoreRelatedThe Epistemology Of The Decision Making Process Of Burglars1629 Words   |  7 PagesThe aim of this essay is to attempt to identify the epistemology implicated in the research conducted by Emmeline Taylor about the decision making process of burglars. Essay begins with a concise definition of Criminology and a brief outline of ‘Rational Choice Theory’ which can be utilised to understand the decision making process of offenders and to provide a background for the notion of the rationality among burglars whilst acting criminal behaviour. Then it will continue with the explanation

Supply Chain of Domino’s Pizza and Toyota and five Evolving Themes

Question: Discuss about the Compare the Supply Chain of Dominos Pizza and Toyota and five Evolving Themes . Answer: Introduction Supply chain management is one of the integral parts of the organization. Supply chain management is responsible through which the product of the organization reaches to the market. It is important for the organization to ensure that the product has reached in the market on time at the required place in order to meet the demand (Li, 2013). This not helps the organization to builds its reputation but also build its brand loyalty among the targeted audience. To meet the demand with the supply, companys SCM should be efficient and effective. Supply chain management can only efficient if all the regarding the inventory is updated on daily basis. Updating the inventory helps in understanding the amount of stock of product should be kept as a backup. There exist fundamental differences in the supply chain of various organizations (Jonassen Land, 2012). These differences can exist due to different nature of the industry or due to different types of operations. For example, the supply chain of a dairy product would be different than the supply chain of a furniture company (Wisner Tan, 2015). The objective of this task is to discuss the analyse the supply chain of a fresh food supply chain against car manufacturing supply chain, both with global and national supply network. This task would discuss the supply chains of Dominos Pizza and Toyota (Kocaoglu Gulsun, 2013). Lets compare the supply chain of these two companies against the objectives of quality, time, cost and CO2 emissions. Analysis The comparison of the supply chain of Toyota and Dominos for different objectives or performance parameter can be discussed as: Quality Quality is very important performance objective. Toyota has implemented Six Sigma and known for its production strategy that delivers very high quality product. Toyota is also known for its high-quality cars worldwide. If the product quality is good, then it is quite evident that customer will prefer that good over other products (Loffi Wallace, 2015). On the other hand, if the product quality is not good, there will be a high complain rate among customer and at the same time organization will incur the high cost in providing after sales support. Dominos pizza focuses more on service quality rather than the product quality (Zsidisin, 2012). There are various quality management and improvement tools which are be used by Dominos to improve its quality standards and reduce the cost of poor quality. Dominos realizes that it operates in fast food sector where the goods are perishable. Therefore, it cannot let the service quality compromised (Robertson Taczak, 2012). Example: Toyota would source material from various suppliers. The quality of Toyota car would in turn depend on the quality of spare parts that it gets form its suppliers. Therefore, its concept of quality extends to its suppliers and partners. For Dominos, the quality definition is to provide the tasty Pizza to its customers (Carter Liane Easton, 2011). Time Reliability is another important factor and it shows if your customers can rely on the company to deliver the products on time or not. Usually, no customer likes to receive their shipment late (Distelhorst Hainmueller, 2016). Also in this age of Just-in Time supply chain, it is possible that if you supply products to your customer one day late, they will supply products to their customers few days late and thus impact become very large on the downstream supply chain processes (Friedman, 2010). The supply chain of Toyota uses time as a measurement when it has to procure the stuff from suppliers and vendors. The supply chain of Dominos considers time as a constraint when it has to deliver products to customers. Dominos has a SLA (service level agreement) to deliver pizza within 30 minutes. This in itself talks about the importance of time in its supply chain (Lengnick-Hall, 2013). Example: Toyota does not promise any time guarantee to end consumers. There are only internal time SLAs. However, time is an integral part of Dominos pizza as it cannot let end consumers wait for the pizza. Moreover, the goods are perishable in nature so the company has to get the delivery from its suppliers on time (Kim Davis, 2016). Cost Cost is also very important another performance objective. Any organization can provide goods to its customer at a competitive rate only if it is able to make them at a competitive rate. Both Toyota and Dominos are known for providing goods and services at very reasonable cost to their customers and thus known for their cost leadership. There are also various Japanese tools that will help the organization to reduce the wastage and non-value added activities and thereby decreasing the costs (Zaslavsky Perera, 2013). Example: The focus on the principles of Total Quality Management has enabled that Toyota can maintain the cost leadership position in different markets. The use of an integrated supply chain, coupled with IT systems has also helped Dominos Pizza to attain cost leadership position (Christopher Harrison, 2016). CO2 emissions One of the sustainable supply chain goal for both the companies is the reduction in CO2 emissions. Toyota is committed to use green supply chain as a measure to transform the goods from one place to another. Toyota has extended this objective further wherein it is committed that its products would also comply with the CO2 emissions norms (Stadtler, 2015). Dominos Pizza has an integrated platform where it works along with its stakeholders like customers and employees to establish and maintain the green supply chain (Sarker Engwall, 2014). Example: Toyota has an annual objective where it is committed to reduce the carbon emissions by 3% annually at a global level. In past, Dominos has done various road shows to educate consumers about the use of Green methods. A simple example, is that use of LED lights instead of LCD lights that Dominos uses across its stores (O'leary, 2011). five Evolving Themes Supply chain is defined as the flow of goods or services which can help the organization to builds it brand image in customers mindset (Surie Reuter, 2015). Supply chain Management helps the organization in several ways such as building their image, create the brand loyalty and meet the demands of the customers. If the supply chain of an organization is efficient, it gives and edge to the organization to stand strong among the competitors (Prajogo Olhager, 2012). This report explains about the supply chain and its importance and contemporary issues and strategies in global logistics and supply chain management. Analysis The five themes for the conference can be discussed as: Theme 1: Focus on agility and agile supply chain and logistics solution In this age of disruptive technologies where product lifecycle has comedown drastically, it is best to maintain the low levels of inventory so that obsolescence cost would be less (Qrunfleh Tarafdar, 2015). Now, if organization is maintaining very less amount of inventory, then it has to be very fast in its supply chain in order to fulfill the customer order otherwise there will be stock out everywhere (Fawcett Ellram, 2014). Think of a situation where mobile phone Lead time is 3 months and its product life cycle is of also merely of 4,5 months. In such cases, there will be huge wastage on inventory in transit due to high lead time. And thus, agility/speed is one of the most important factors in devising the operation strategy of the organization (Butner, 2010). Theme 2: Focus on flexible logistics solution Flexibility refers to responding to change in demand levels. For the organizations operating in global environment, flexibility is the key as different nations may have different sub-set of supply chain. For example, Dell uses postponement strategy to provide customer requirements and forecasts common subassemblies and common parts and thus able to respond well to change in demand (Razmerita Kirchner, 2014). Theme 3: Align competitive advantage with supply chain management There are various ways by which organization has competitive advantage. For instance, Southwest Airlines compete based on the cost leadership as it provides the best cost to its customers. Similarly, Nike is known for its high-quality athletes shoes and thus known for differentiation (Roh Hong, 2014). Dell is known for its Agility and ability to respond to change in sales very well. For example, Ryanair is Europes largest low cost airline. It able to support low costs because it uses identical and standard parts from a single supplier which means higher ability to negotiate, it uses secondary airports where service charge is less, turnaround time at airport is very low, no time wastage in cleaning the airport after every ride, no time for loading the meals. It is probably the best example of aligning and integrating the competitive advantage of low cost with the supply chain (Martin, 2013). Theme 4: Use of Information Technology to manage large supply chains The use of Information Technology helps organizations to optimize its supply chain. For example, UPS has invested heavily in Information technology, aircraft and facilities to develop capabilities of delivering at any location on the world and that too on reasonable cost. It also emphasizes on being low cost provider (Sridharan Simatupang, 2013). The latest Information technology trends is the use of QR codes, RFID, etc. Focus on technological innovation by tracking of goods through RFID chips, buying its own fleet of planes rather to buy space in commercial flights that was expensive, total quality management and customer satisfaction (Sarac Absi, 2010). Information Technology can also be used by the organizations in service sector to manage the supply chain. For example, supply chain of Qantas Airways. Not only this, Information technology also helps to update customers about the flight schedules, send reminders to them about their flights and helps in providing better services. Finally, when your competitor is making use of IT and eating your market share, it becomes necessary to use technology for survival (Zahle, 2012). Theme 5: Focus on integrated supply chain The time has come when different organizations can share the supply chain. Supply Chain Strategy plays the crucial role in Business organization today (Schonsleben, 2016). The details such as the market coverage, availability of the product at the location and ensure that the supply meets the demand depends on the effective supply chain management strategy. The organizations in APAC region can work towards an integrated supply chain. For example, Pizza Hut and Dominos can work together to get the material from Australia to be delivered in India. It would ensure that the wastage is limited and the organizations are also able to achieve their goals of sustainable supply chain with minimal CO2 emissions (Mentzer DeWitt, 2011). Conclusion The above tasks compare and contrast the supply chain of Toyota and Dominos. Both the players are global player and their supply chain spread across various nations. Some things are common across their supply chains like focus on CO2 emissions. (Leuschner Rogers, 2013) For the objective of time, Dominos has more stringent measures as compared to Toyota. With the above discussion, it can be said that the objectives or the performance indicators could be refined further with the focus on Information Technology. The above five themes are individual topic of discussion in itself. It is critical that organizations should deeply analyze these themes before making any decisions around these themes. With the above discussion, it can be said that organizations must realize the importance of Information Technology in supply chain management. The use of IT would ensure that various objectives of cost, quality, time, etc. could be meet. References Butner, K. (2010). The smarter supply chain of the future.Strategy Leadership,38(1), 22-31. Carter, C. R., Liane Easton, P. (2011). Sustainable supply chain management: evolution and future directions.International journal of physical distribution logistics management,41(1), 46-62. Christopher, M., Harrison, A., van Hoek, R. (2016). Creating the agile supply chain: issues and challenges. In Developments in Logistics and Supply Chain Management (pp. 61-68). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Distelhorst, G., Hainmueller, J., Locke, R. M. (2016). Does Lean Improve Labor Standards? Management and Social Performance in the Nike Supply Chain. Management Science. Fawcett, S. E., Ellram, L. M., Ogden, J. A. (2014).Supply chain management: from vision to implementation. London: Pearson. Friedman, O. (2010). Necessary for possession: How people reason about the acquisition of ownership.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. Li, L. (2013). Technology designed to combat fakes in the global supply chain.Business Horizons,56(2), 167-177. Lengnick-Hall, M. L., Lengnick-Hall, C. A., Rigsbee, C. M. (2013). Strategic human resource management and supply chain orientation.Human resource management review,23(4), 366-377. Leuschner, R., Rogers, D. S., Charvet, F. F. (2013). A Meta?Analysis of Supply Chain Integration and Firm Performance.Journal of Supply Chain Management,49(2), 34-57. Jonassen, D., Land, S. (Eds.). (2012).Theoretical foundations of learning environments. Routledge. Kim, Y. H., Davis, G. F. (2016). Challenges for global supply chain sustainability: Evidence from conflict minerals reports.Academy of Management Journal,59(6), 1896-1916. Kocaoglu, B., Gulsun, B., Tanya?, M. (2013). A SCOR based approach for measuring a benchmarkable supply chain performance.Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing,24(1), 113-132. Loffi, J. M., Wallace, R. J., Harris, E. L. (2015). An Examination of Global Supply Chain Security Through the Lens of Grid and Group Theory. InGlobal Supply Chain Security(pp. 69-80). Springer New York. Martin, J. R. (2013). Embedded literacy: Knowledge as meaning.Linguistics and Education,24(1), 23-37. Mentzer, J. T., DeWitt, W., Keebler, J. S., Min, S., Nix, N. W., Smith, C. D., Zacharia, Z. G. (2011). Defining supply chain management.Journal of Business logistics,22(2), 1-25. O'leary, D. E. (2011). The use of social media in the supply chain: Survey and extensions.Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management,18(2-3), 121-144. Prajogo, D., Olhager, J. (2012). Supply chain integration and performance: The effects of long-term relationships, information technology and sharing, and logistics integration.International Journal of Production Economics,135(1), 514-522. Qrunfleh, S., Tarafdar, M. (2015). Supply chain management practicesIT utilisation alignment: impact on supply chain performance and firm performance. International Journal of Business Information Systems 5, 18(4), 364-389. Robertson, L., Taczak, K., Yancey, K. B. (2012). Notes toward a Theory of Prior Knowledge and Its Role in College Composers' Transfer of Knowledge and Practice. InComposition Forum(Vol. 26). Association of Teachers of Advanced Composition. Roh, J., Hong, P., Min, H. (2014). Implementation of a responsive supply chain strategy in global complexity: The case of manufacturing firms.International Journal of Production Economics,147, 198-210. Razmerita, L., Kirchner, K., Nabeth, T. (2014). Social media in organizations: leveraging personal and collective knowledge processes.Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce,24(1), 74-93. Sarac, A., Absi, N., Dauzre-Prs, S. (2010). A literature review on the impact of RFID technologies on supply chain management.International Journal of Production Economics,128(1), 77-95. Sarker, S., Engwall, M., Trucco, P., Feldmann, A. (2014).Effects of product and supplier criticality on resilience capabilities: An empirical analysis of a global supply chain(No. 2014/7). Department of Industrial Economics and Management, Royal Institute of Technology. Schonsleben, P. (2016).Integral logistics management: Operations and supply chain management within and across companies. CRC Press. Sridharan, R., Simatupang, T. M. (2013). Power and trust in supply chain collaboration.International Journal of Value Chain Management,7(1), 76-96. Surie, C., Reuter, B. (2015). Supply chain analysis. InSupply Chain Management and Advanced Planning(pp. 29-54). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Stadtler, H. (2015). Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Wisner, J., Tan, K. C., Leong, G. (2015).Principles of supply chain management: a balanced approach. Cengage Learning. Zahle, J. (2012). Practical knowledge and participant observation.Inquiry,55(1), 50-65. Zaslavsky, A., Perera, C., Georgakopoulos, D. (2013). Sensing as a service and big data.arXiv preprint arXiv:1301.0159. Zsidisin, G. A. (2012).Managing commodity price risk: a supply chain perspective. Business Expert Press.

Relative Merits Of Loan Capital Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: What Are The Relative Merits Of Loan Capital Over Share Capital? Answer: The influence to borrow is of immense magnitude to the company, and business borrowingbenefit from some unique individuality. Loan capital and share capital are two types of borrowing currency for a corporation. Kinds of borrowing by credit funds are debentures, credit of corporate assets and belongings, unsecured loans, overdrafts and bills of exchange. The share capital characterizes how much the business is valued (Cummings and Durrani 2016). Share capital is that division of the companys assets that is made obtainable by the members who have subscribed for carve up in the company, which in fact is usually worth less than the companys total property and should be distinguished from loan capital. An example can facilitate the problem or the topic to show how loan capital is headed the share capital. In this case, Black Books plc is bearing in mind methods of raising or protecting loan capital. There are certain advantages for raising loan capital rather than share capital. First, loan capital permits them to maintain the tenure of their assets and at the same time assists them in reaching monetary help as well they own so the land, which is mortgage (Rsch and Scheule 2016). Loan capital unlike share capital, does not split ownership so Black Books plc has the entire ownership. The debenture holder is very muchmore of an outcast. In addition, there is no necessary for anyone to vend or leave his property in order to dump some money. An important point is that interest payments on the mortgage are free from taxes. Repayments should be predefined and should allow them to plan their financial plan. Moreover, lender will check the presentation of commerce but will have no control over the business. In addition, once loan resources are repaid, it will benefit to earn profit. On the other hand, investor will still anticipate a share of income. Lastly, debenture holder has to disc harge the possession once loan repaid (Chen and Zhang 2017). On the other hand, there some disadvantages of raising loan capital. Firstly, repayments have to be made separately from of making earnings or not. On the other hand, shareholder will not obtain dividends until commerce makes a profit. Interest to be paid, will influence profit. In addition, the corporation will not be able to sell the land to third party until loan is repaid. The risk of them ending up or losing their assets increases significantly. Finally, catalog security charge. An issue of debenture document which implies to recognize a credit bargain between a company and a creditor. A debenture holder is entitled to obtain recompense of the sums due to him, whether they are major or interest; the set holder irrespective of whether or not the debtor company is in profit (Podder and Haque 2016). When a company wishes to hoist finance, especially long-term finance, it will almost unsurprisingly be obliged to give safety for the amount it wishes to borrow. An action by a secured creditor to understand a security attention will normally be impracticable until the debtor company fall short to meet its compulsions under the terms of the debenture agreement. Nonetheless, where a business borrows capital by way of an overdraft provision, the overdraft may be expressed to be repayable on requirements. Reference: Chen, Z. and Zhang, R.Q., 2017. Capital flow constrained lot sizing problem with loss of goodwill and loan.arXiv preprint arXiv:1708.08098. Cummings, J.R. and Durrani, K.J., 2016. Effect of the Basel Accord capital requirements on the loan-loss provisioning practices of Australian banks.Journal of Banking Finance,67, pp.23-36. Podder, J. and Haque, T.H., 2016. The Impact of Capital Buffers on Future Loan Growth, Interest Income and Tier 1 Capital Ratios. Rsch, D. and Scheule, H., 2016. The role of loan portfolio losses and bank capital for Asian financial system resilience.Pacific-Basin Finance Journal,40, pp.289-305.

The Granddaddy Of Total Quality Management(TQM) Essays

The Granddaddy of Total Quality Management(TQM): Dr. W. Edwards Deming was known as the ?Granddaddy' of total-quality-management. Total Quality Management (TQM) can provide organizations with the incentive for positive change, stirring the workforce and creating an environment that gives a company the competitive edge. To succeed, however, TQM has to be more than a catchword. If it is looked upon as a nuisance or an excuse for employees to take advantage of the employer, it won't work. TQM must become a way of corporate life. That has been the goal of Deming for over forty years. W. Edwards Deming organized a worldwide consulting practice for many years.. His clients included manufacturing companies, telephone companies, railways, carriers of motor freight, consumer researchers, census methodologists, hospitals, legal firms, government agencies, and research organizations in universities and in industry. The impact of Dr. Deming's teachings on American manufacturing and service organizations has been profound. He started changes with his TQM ideas that are improving the human resources departments around the United States. President Reagan even awarded the National Medal of Technology to Dr. Deming in 1987. He received the Distinguished Career in Science award from the National Academy of Sciences in 1988. Dr. Deming received many other awards, including the Shewhart Medal from the American Society for Quality Control in 1956 and the Samuel S. Wilks Award from the American Statistical Association in 1983. The American Statistical Association established the annual Deming Prize for improvement of quality and productivityin 1980. Dr. Deming was a member of the International Statistical Institute. He was elected in 1983 to the National Academy of Engineering, and in 1986 to the Science and Technology Hall of Fame in Dayton. He was also inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 1991. Dr. Deming's numerous awards were well deserved. His education has lasted throughout his life beginning with his doctorate in mathematical physics from Yale University in 1928, in addition, he has earned honor degrees from the University of Wyoming, Rivier College, the University of Maryland, Ohio State University, Clarkson College of Technology, Miami University, George Washington University, the University of Colorado, Fordham University, the University of Alabama, Oregon State University, the American University, the University of South Carolina, Yale University, Harvard University, Cleary College, and Shenandoah University. Yale University also awarded him the Wilbur Lucius Cross Medal. And Rivier College awarded to him the Madeleine of Jesus Award. A multiple of books, films, and videotapes outline his life, his theory, and the practice of his methods worldwide. Of his books, Out of Crisis and The New Economics have even been translated into many foreign languages. Dr. Deming is well known for his work in Japan, where from 1950 forward he taught top management and engineers methods for management of quality. This training helped change the economy of Japan. In recognition of his contributions, the Union of Japanese Science and Engineering (JUSE) instituted the annual Deming Prizes for achievements in quality and dependability of product, and as a result, the Emperor of Japan awarded the Second Order Medal of the Sacred Treasure to Dr. Deming in 1990. In Out of Crisis, Dr. Deming outlines his fourteen points for management. He understood that a manager of people needs to understand that all people are different. Not rank people but understand that the performance of anyone is governed largely by the area that he works in, and is the responsibility of management. Below we can see what Dr. Deming taught in his style of management. Deming's 14 Points of Management: 1. Create constancy of purpose toward improvement of product and service, with the aim to become competitive and to stay in business, and to provide jobs. 2. Adopt the new philosophy. We are in a new economic age. Western management must awaken to the challenge, must learn their responsibilities, and take on leadership for change. 3. Cease dependence on inspection to achieve quality. Eliminate the need for inspection on a mass basis by building quality into the product in the first place. 4. End the practice of awarding business on the basis of price tag. Instead, minimize total cost. Move toward a single supplier for any one item, on a long-term relationship of loyalty and trust. 5. Improve constantly and forever the system of production and service,

Sample Flas Application Essay

Sample Flas Application EssaySample Flas Application Essay is a legal document used by companies to hire and test applicants. For this, companies offer sample essays in all fields of study. This essay is a document which is designed to give basic information about the candidate, his educational background, credentials, academic background, job profile, work history, future plans, etc.After submission of the applicant's work history, educational background, work history, salary history, educational qualifications, and other pertinent information, he or she is asked to write a sample Flas Application Essay for a basic interview. Most of the application essay samples are written in chronological order so that all information about the candidate is entered in chronological order. In the sample Flas Application Essay, the candidate can choose a topic which is related to the sample essay. After filling in the information about the sample essay, the candidate has to submit it by fax, mail, or email.For a detailed examination of the candidates' skills, several sections of the Flas Application Essay are introduced to the applicant. The major sections include the academic section, the career section, the personality section, the interviewing section, the interview section, and the administrative section. All these sections are divided into two sub-sections: student level and executive level. The first section of the sample Flas Application Essay contains information about the candidate's qualification and achievements during the academic or career level; the second section provides information about the candidate's experience and skills on the career level.The biographical information about the candidate also includes interview details and profile about his or her experiences. On a biographical level, the applicant is asked to mention some things about his or her experiences, which can be any issue or situation of a personal nature. In the resume format, an example of th e resume has been mentioned which illustrates how the applicant would look like after a thorough analysis of his or her skills, academic background, organizational skills, and other relevant details. At the end of the application essay, the candidate has to select a suitable topic, which is related to the topic of his or her sample application. For a sample, some topics have been suggested to keep the test writing simple and concise. It is suggested that the applicant should choose a topic which is related to his or her experience, skills, and career profile.All the sample Flas Application Essay can be found on the Internet. Most of them can be easily accessed through some online sites that offer free sample essay samples. Many of the essay samples are also available in printed form, which can be sent to some organizations through the mail.In brief, Sample Flas Application Essay is using to screen applicants who want to get jobs as executives. This is a very effective and practical tool which helps in providing more jobs and increased opportunities to people who have shown some good performance and skills on their application form. If you are looking for an opportunity to work with some well known and respected organizations, then sample Flas Application Essay is a must.

Path to Legalization for Illegal Immigrants in the US

Path to Legalization for Illegal Immigrants in the US Should the United States provide a path to legalization for illegal immigrants? The issue has been at the forefront of American politics for years, and the debate shows no signs of abating. What does a nation do with the millions of people residing in its country illegally? History of Immigrating to the US Illegal immigrants, often referred to as illegal aliens, are defined by the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 as people who are not citizens or nationals of the United States. They are foreign nationals who come to the United States without following the legal immigration process to enter and remain in the country; in other words, anyone born in a country other than the United States to parents who are not United States citizens. The reasons for immigrating vary, but generally, people are looking for better opportunities and a higher quality of life than they would have in their native countries. Illegal immigrants do not have the proper legal documentation to be in the country, or they have overstayed their time allotted, perhaps on a tourist or student visa. They  cannot vote, and they cannot receive social services from federally funded programs or social security benefits; they cannot hold United States passports. The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 provided amnesty to 2.7 illegal immigrants already in the United States and established sanctions for employers who knowingly hired illegal aliens. Additional laws were passed in the 1990s to help curb the growing number of illegal aliens, but they were largely ineffective. Another bill for immigration reform was introduced in 2007 but ultimately failed. It would have provided legal status to approximately 12 million illegal immigrants. President Donald Trump has gone back and forth on the immigration issue, going so far as to offer a merit-based legal immigration system. Nevertheless, Trump says he is intent on restoring integrity and the rule of law to our borders, and prompted the longest government shutdown to date (34 days) with his demand of funding for a southern border wall. A Path Toward Legalization The path toward becoming a legal US citizen is called naturalization; this process is overseen by the US Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Service (BCIS). There are four paths to legal status for undocumented, or illegal, immigrants. Path 1: Green Card The first path to becoming a legal citizen is to obtain a Green Card by marrying a US  citizen or a lawful permanent resident. But, according to Citizenpath, if the foreign spouse and children or stepchildren entered the United States without inspection and remained in the United States, they must leave the country and conclude their immigration process through US consulates abroad to obtain the green card. More importantly, says Citizenpath, If the immigrating spouse and/or children over 18 years of age resided in the United States unlawfully for at least 180 days (6 months) but less than one year, or they remained more than one year, they could then be automatically barred from re-entry to the United States for 3-10 years respectively once they leave the United States. In some cases, these immigrants can apply for a waiver if they can prove extreme and unusual hardship.   Path 2: DREAMers The Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals is a program established in 2012 to protect illegal immigrants who came to the United States as children. Donald Trumps administration in 2017 threatened to undo the act but has yet to do so. The Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors (DREAM) Act was first introduced in 2001 as bipartisan legislation, and its main provision was to provide permanent resident status upon completion of two years of college or service in the military. The American Immigration Council states that with the country currently gripped by political polarization, bipartisan support for the DREAM Act has waned. In turn, more narrow proposals have circulated that either restrict eligibility for permanent residency to a smaller group of young people or offer no dedicated path to permanent residency (and, eventually, US citizenship). Path 3: Asylum Citizenpath says that asylum is available to illegal immigrants who have suffered persecution in his or her home country or who has a well-founded fear of persecution if he or she were to return to that country.  Persecution  must be based on one of the following five groups: race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion. Also according to Citizenpath, requirements for eligibility include the following: You must be present in the United States (by legal or illegally entry); you are unable or unwilling to return to your home country due to past persecution or have a well-founded fear of future persecution if you return; the reason for persecution is related to one of five things: race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion; and you are not involved with an activity that would bar you from asylum. Path 4: U Visas The U Visa - a non-immigrant visa - is reserved for crime victims who have assisted law enforcement. Citizenpath says U Visa holders have legal status in the United States, receive employment authorization (work permit) and even a possible path to citizenship.   The U Visa was created by the US Congress in October 2000  by the passage of the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act. To qualify, an illegal immigrant must have suffered substantial physical or mental abuse as a result of having been a victim of a qualifying criminal activity; must have information concerning that criminal activity; must have been helpful, is being helpful or is likely to be helpful in the investigation or prosecution of the crime; and the criminal activity must have violated US laws.